IB Psychology HL 3.2.5 Attachment Questions

Refer to the paper 2 assessment criteria when awarding marks.
The command term "discuss" requires candidates to offer a considered review of the role of attachment in development. Candidates may address the role of attachment in childhood and/or in any later stage of life.

Relevant research may include, but is not limited to:
- Bowlby's research (various dates) on how maternal deprivation can affect an individual
- Ainsworth et al.'s (1978) studies showing how different types of attachment influence a child's attachment pattern
- Van ljzendorn and Kroonenberg's (1988) study on how cross-cultural patterns of attachment influence development
- Pratt and Norris (1994) - positive attachment in early relationships leads to positive reports on current social relationships
- Rossi and Rossi (1990) - people who grew up in cohesive families tended to establish positive relationships with their own partners.

Discussion may include, but is not limited to:
- cultural considerations
- the role of deprivation in attachment
- short-term versus long-term effects in attachment
- methodological and ethical considerations related to the research into attachment.

Responses referring to research with animals, such as Harlow's studies with rhesus monkeys, are relevant but must be linked to attachment and development. Relevance of such studies for human development will be reflected in discussion under criterion D.