Course review

4.4 Water pollution

Review each learning objective in this topic, then open its concept explanation or question set.

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Learning objective

4.4.1—Water pollution sources

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• Sewage, agricultural run-off, industrial effluent • Urban run-off, solid waste disposal, oil spills

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Learning objective

4.4.2—Plastic debris accumulation

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• Marine environments • Oceanic gyres, microplastics enter food chain

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Learning objective

4.4.3—Water quality measurement

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• Chemical, physical, biological characteristics • Water quality index (WQI) • Parameters: dissolved O₂, pH, temperature, turbidity, nitrates, phosphates, metals

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Learning objective

4.4.4—Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)

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• Dissolved oxygen required by microorganisms for decomposition • mg O₂ per litre in 5 days at 20°C

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Learning objective

4.4.5—Eutrophication

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• Mineral nutrient inputs (nitrates, phosphates) • Excessive phytoplankton growth (algal blooms)

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Learning objective

4.4.6—Eutrophication sequence

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• Impacts and changes to aquatic system

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Learning objective

4.4.7—Eutrophication and ecosystem services

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• Eutrophication can substantially impact ecosystem services • Eutrophication can affect services associated with fisheries, recreation, aesthetics and health

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Learning objective

4.4.8—Eutrophication management levels

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• Eutrophication can be addressed at three different levels of management • These three levels of management are: • the reduction of human activities that produce pollutants—e.g., alternatives to current fertilizers and detergents • the reduction of the release of pollution into the environment—e.g., treatment of wastewater to remove nitrates and phosphates

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