Course review
Review each learning objective in this topic, then open its concept explanation or question set.
Learning objective
• 70% ice-free land for agriculture and forestry • Human population increasing, requires feeding
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Learning objective
• Needs not accounted for in land-use decisions • Indigenous peoples, low socio-economic groups
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Learning objective
• World agriculture produces enough for 8 billion • Not equitably distributed, ~1/3 wasted
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Learning objective
• Due to different soils and climates
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Learning objective
• Outputs: arable, pastoral, mixed, monoculture, diverse • Reasons: commercial, subsistence, sedentary, nomadic • Inputs: intensive/extensive, irrigated/rain-fed, organic/inorganic
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Learning objective
• Nomadic pastoralism, slash-and-burn agriculture • Sustained low-density populations • Less sustainable with modernization and higher density
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Learning objective
• High-yielding crops, improved irrigation, synthetic fertilizers, pesticides • Increased food security but criticized for consequences • Fossil-fuel dependent
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Learning objective
• Needed in intensive systems for productivity • At expense of sustainability
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Learning objective
• A variety of techniques can be used to conserve soil, with widespread environmental, economic and sociocultural benefits • Soil conservation techniques are very varied and can be classified in a number of ways • Conservation from erosion—water and wind a • Water—terracing, contour ploughing, bunding, drainage systems, use of cover crops b
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Learning objective
• Humans are omnivorous, and diets include fungi, plants, meat and fish • Diets lower in trophic levels are more sustainable • The yield of food per unit of land area is greater in quantity and lower in cost with crops rather than livestock • Consider: to what extent plant-based diets could make agriculture more sustainable
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Learning objective
• Current global strategies to achieve sustainable food supply include reducing demand and food waste, reducing greenhouse gas emissions from food production • Examples include plant-based meat substitutes, reducing nitrogen loss to the atmosphere, low methane rice, reducing methane release by ruminants, extended shelf life for food
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Learning objective
• Food security is the physical and economic availability of food, allowing all individuals to get the balanced diet they need for an active and healthy life • Consider: the current extent of food security within differing regions of the world
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Learning objective
• Contrasting agricultural choices will often be the result of differences in the local soils and climate • Consider: one pair of contrasting agricultural choices from one biome • Examples: cereal vs. ranching in prairie mollisols; soya beans vs. cattle ranching in tropical forest oxisols
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Learning objective
• Soil regeneration, rewilding, permaculture • Non-commercial cropping, zero tillage
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Learning objective
• Mixed farming techniques • Improve and diversify productivity
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Learning objective
• High-tech greenhouses, vertical farming • Supply food to urban areas • Not always sustainable (fossil fuel dependent)
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Learning objective
• Supply chain efficiency, food miles • Farming type and techniques, diet changes • Example: planetary health diet (PHD)
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Learning objective
• Traditional methods may be more sustainable • Examples: Brazil nuts, truffles, bamboo, honey
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Learning objective
• Evaluate sustainability claims • Must produce enough for global population
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Learning objective
• Uneven distribution → malnutrition • Undernourishment and overnourishment • Famine from distribution problems and crop failure
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