Learning objective
4.1.1—Water movement drivers
• Solar radiation and gravity • Heat for evaporation, gravity for drainage
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Course review
4.1 Water systems
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Learning objective
4.1.2—Hydrological cycle
• System with stores and flows • Stores: boxes; flows: arrows
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Learning objective
4.1.3—Hydrological cycle stores
• Oceans (96.5%), glaciers/ice caps (1.7%), groundwater (1.7%) • Surface freshwater (0.02%), atmosphere (0.001%), organisms (0.0001%)
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Learning objective
4.1.4—Hydrological cycle flows
• Transpiration, sublimation, evaporation, condensation, advection, precipitation • Melting, freezing, run-off, infiltration, percolation, streamflow, groundwater flow
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Learning objective
4.1.5—Human activity impacts
• Agriculture, deforestation, urbanization alter flows and stores • Reduced evapotranspiration, increased run-off → flash floods
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Learning objective
4.1.6—Water body steady state
• Flow diagrams of inputs and outputs • Calculate sustainable harvesting rates
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Learning objective
4.1.7 (HL)—Water properties
• Polarity, cohesion, adhesion, solvent properties • Transparency, high specific heat capacity • Density variations with temperature • Gas solubility variations
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Learning objective
4.1.8 (HL)—Oceans as carbon sink
• Absorb atmospheric CO₂ and sequester it • Moderates atmospheric CO₂ increases • Saturation point may be reached
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Learning objective
4.1.9 (HL)—Ocean carbon sequestration
• Short-term: dissolved CO₂ → ocean acidification • Long-term: biomass accumulates on seabed → fossil fuels
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Learning objective
4.1.10 (HL)—Water temperature and density
• Cold water below, warmer above • Density differences restrict mixing → stratification • Water densest at 4°C → freezing from surface down
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Learning objective
4.1.11 (HL)—Stratification
• Occurs in deeper lakes, coastal areas, seas, ocean • Thermocline: transition layer between warm surface and cold deep water • Differences in dissolved oxygen and mineral nutrients
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Learning objective
4.1.12 (HL)—Ocean stratification increase
• Global warming and salinity changes • Most pronounced in upper 200m
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Learning objective
4.1.13 (HL)—Upwellings
• Bring cold, nutrient-rich waters to surface • Mass vertical movement from depths • Seasonal cycles in stratified lakes and ENSO
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Learning objective
4.1.14 (HL)—Thermohaline circulation
• Driven by temperature and salinity differences • Ocean conveyor belt distributes heat globally • Affects climate
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