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Structure 3. Classification of matter

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  1. 3.1 The periodic table

    1. • Periods, groups, blocks • Metals, metalloids, non-metals • Recognize s, p, d, and f blocks

    2. • Period number = outer energy level • Group = number of valence electrons • Electron configuration ↔ position (up to Z=36) • Deduce element position from electron configuration and vice versa

    3. • Trends: atomic radius, ionic radius, IE, electron affinity, electronegativity • Explain trends across periods and down groups

    4. • Group 1: increasing metallic character • Group 17: decreasing non-metallic character • Reactions: Group 1 metals with water, Group 17 with halide ions • Describe and explain displacement reactions using periodic trends

    5. • Oxides: basic (metal) → amphoteric → acidic (non-metal) • Oxide reactions with water • Deduce equations for oxides of group 1, group 2, carbon, and sulfur with water

    6. • Number of electrons transferred in bonding • Charge if compound were ionic • Deduce oxidation states in compounds and ions

    7. • Evidence for energy sublevels • Explain discontinuities using energy sublevels and electron pairing

    8. • Incomplete d-sublevels • Variable oxidation states, high melting points, magnetic properties • Catalytic properties, colored compounds, complex ions with ligands • Recognize ligands and complex ions as characteristic transition element chemistry

    9. • Successive IE values close together • Deduce electron configurations of first-row transition element ions

    10. • Light absorption promotes electron between split d-orbitals • Complementary colors (use color wheel) • Use the color wheel to link absorbed and observed colors

  2. 3.2 Functional groups: Organic compounds

    1. 3.2.1Organic formulas

      • Types: empirical, molecular, structural (full/condensed), stereochemical, skeletal • 3D models • Interconvert molecular, structural, and skeletal formulas

    2. 3.2.2Functional groups

      • Give characteristic properties • Groups: halogeno, hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, alkoxy, amino, amido, ester, phenyl • Identify functional groups by name and structure

    3. 3.2.3Homologous series

      • Successive members differ by CH₂ • Series: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, halogenoalkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, ethers, amines, amides, esters • Recognize general formulas and functional group patterns

    4. 3.2.4Physical property trends

      • Melting and boiling points in homologous series • Explain trends using chain length, branching, polarity, and IMF

    5. 3.2.5IUPAC nomenclature

      • Systematic naming for organic/inorganic compounds • Up to 6 carbons, one functional group type • Apply nomenclature to saturated or mono-unsaturated compounds with one functional group

    6. 3.2.6Structural isomers

      • Same molecular formula, different connectivities • Types: branched, straight-chain, position, functional group isomers • Include primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, halogenoalkanes, and amines

    7. 3.2.7(HL)—Stereoisomers

      • Same constitution, different spatial arrangements • Cis-trans isomerism: non-cyclic alkenes, C₃-C₄ cycloalkanes • Chiral carbon: non-superimposable mirror images (enantiomers)

    8. 3.2.8(HL)—Mass spectrometry

      • Fragmentation patterns reveal structural features • Include molecular ion and use supplied fragment data

    9. 3.2.9(HL)—Infrared spectroscopy

      • Identify bond types from IR spectra • Functional group region (wavenumber/cm⁻¹) • Interpret characteristic absorptions using data booklet values

    10. 3.2.10(HL)—¹H NMR spectroscopy

      • Chemical environments of hydrogen atoms • Information: number of signals, chemical shifts, integration • Use chemical shift and integration data to deduce structures

    11. 3.2.11(HL)—NMR splitting patterns

      • Singlets, doublets, triplets, quartets • Use splitting patterns to infer neighbouring hydrogen atoms

    12. 3.2.12(HL)—Combined data analysis

      • Use multiple techniques for structure determination