Course review
Review each learning objective in this topic, then open its concept explanation or question set.
Learning objective
• Homeostasis maintains a stable internal environment within narrow limits • Variables include body temperature, blood pH, glucose, gases, ions, and osmotic concentration
Start with the concept explanation, then practise to create mastery evidence.
Learning objective
• Negative feedback detects deviation from a set point and reverses it • Receptors, coordinators, effectors, and feedback loops restore normal conditions
Start with the concept explanation, then practise to create mastery evidence.
Learning objective
• Beta cells secrete insulin when blood glucose rises • Alpha cells secrete glucagon when blood glucose falls, affecting liver and muscle stores
Start with the concept explanation, then practise to create mastery evidence.
Learning objective
• Type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells • Type 2 diabetes involves insulin-receptor/response failure and is linked to lifestyle risk factors
Start with the concept explanation, then practise to create mastery evidence.
Learning objective
• Thermoregulation uses negative feedback to maintain core temperature near 37 °C • Thermoreceptors signal the hypothalamus, which coordinates skin, muscles, liver, and hormones
Start with the concept explanation, then practise to create mastery evidence.
Learning objective
• Cooling uses vasodilation, sweating, and hairs lying flat • Warming uses vasoconstriction, reduced sweating, shivering, metabolic heat, and brown fat
Start with the concept explanation, then practise to create mastery evidence.