Course review
Review each learning objective in this topic, then open its concept explanation or question set.
Learning objective
• Cells are the basic structural and functional units of living organisms • Cells carry out essential life processes and are usually microscopic
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Learning objective
• Use light microscopes to prepare mounts, stain specimens, and observe cells • Measure cells with eyepiece graticules and stage micrometers • Calculate magnification, actual size, and scale bars
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Learning objective
• Resolution, not only magnification, determines visible detail • TEM reveals internal ultrastructure; SEM reveals surface detail • Cryogenic EM, fluorescence, and immunofluorescence reveal molecules and specific structures
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Learning objective
• All cells have a plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, and ribosomes • These structures control exchange, support metabolism, store information, and make proteins
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Learning objective
• Prokaryotes lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles • Structure includes cell wall, plasma membrane, cytoplasm, 70S ribosomes, naked circular DNA, and plasmids • E. coli, Bacillus, and Staphylococcus are bacterial examples
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Learning objective
• Eukaryotes have a nucleus, 80S ribosomes, cytoskeleton, and compartmentalized cytoplasm • Organelles include mitochondria, ER, Golgi apparatus, vesicles, lysosomes, and vacuoles • Plant cells may include chloroplasts, large vacuoles, and cellulose cell walls
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Learning objective
• Unicellular organisms carry out all life processes in one cell • Examples include Amoeba, Chlamydomonas, and Escherichia coli • Processes include nutrition, metabolism, response, excretion, homeostasis, growth, and reproduction
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Learning objective
• Animal, fungal, and plant cells differ in cell walls, vacuoles, and storage structures • Plant cells have cellulose walls, chloroplasts, and large permanent vacuoles • Animal cells may have centrioles, cilia, flagella, lysosomes, and temporary vacuoles
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Learning objective
• Atypical cells show limits of simple cell theory • Examples include multinucleate fungal hyphae and striated muscle fibres • Red blood cells and phloem sieve tubes lack nuclei at maturity
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Learning objective
• Identify prokaryotic, plant, and animal cells in light and electron micrographs • Recognize organelles such as nucleus, mitochondria, chloroplasts, ER, Golgi, vacuoles, and ribosomes • Use visible structures, scale, and tissue context as evidence
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Learning objective
• Draw clear biological diagrams from electron micrographs without shading • Label visible organelles and include magnification or scale information • Annotate structures with functions where required
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