4.9 Barriers to economic growth and/or economic developmentSyllabusFirst assessment 2022Topic4.9LevelHL
What you’ll learn4 learning objectivesChoose one objective for a focused lesson, or study the complete topic.4.9.1Poverty traps and poverty cycles• Poverty traps are self-reinforcing conditions that keep people or economies poor• Diagram: poverty cycle showing linked factors perpetuating povertySyllabus objective4.9.2Economic barriers to growth and development• Barriers include rising inequality, weak infrastructure, inappropriate technology, low human capital, and dependence on primary production• Other barriers include lack of market access, informal economy, capital flight, indebtedness, landlocked geography, tropical climates, and endemic diseasesSyllabus objective4.9.3Political and social barriers• Weak institutions include legal system weaknesses, ineffective taxation, weak banking systems, and insecure property rights• Other barriers include gender inequality, corruption, lack of good governance, and unequal political power and statusSyllabus objective4.9.4Significance of barriers• Different barriers have different importance depending on country context• Evaluation should consider how barriers interact and reinforce one anotherSyllabus objective