What you’ll learn12 learning objectivesChoose one objective for a focused lesson, or study the complete topic.3.2.1Organic formulas• Types: empirical, molecular, structural (full/condensed), stereochemical, skeletal• 3D models• Interconvert molecular, structural, and skeletal formulasSyllabus objective3.2.2Functional groups• Give characteristic properties• Groups: halogeno, hydroxyl, carbonyl, carboxyl, alkoxy, amino, amido, ester, phenyl• Identify functional groups by name and structureSyllabus objective3.2.3Homologous series• Successive members differ by CH₂• Series: alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, halogenoalkanes, alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, ethers, amines, amides, esters• Recognize general formulas and functional group patternsSyllabus objective3.2.4Physical property trends• Melting and boiling points in homologous series• Explain trends using chain length, branching, polarity, and IMFSyllabus objective3.2.5IUPAC nomenclature• Systematic naming for organic/inorganic compounds• Up to 6 carbons, one functional group type• Apply nomenclature to saturated or mono-unsaturated compounds with one functional groupSyllabus objective3.2.6Structural isomers• Same molecular formula, different connectivities• Types: branched, straight-chain, position, functional group isomers• Include primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, halogenoalkanes, and aminesSyllabus objective3.2.7(HL)—Stereoisomers• Same constitution, different spatial arrangements• Cis-trans isomerism: non-cyclic alkenes, C₃-C₄ cycloalkanes• Chiral carbon: non-superimposable mirror images (enantiomers)Syllabus objective3.2.8(HL)—Mass spectrometry• Fragmentation patterns reveal structural features• Include molecular ion and use supplied fragment dataSyllabus objective3.2.9(HL)—Infrared spectroscopy• Identify bond types from IR spectra• Functional group region (wavenumber/cm⁻¹)• Interpret characteristic absorptions using data booklet valuesSyllabus objective3.2.10(HL)—¹H NMR spectroscopy• Chemical environments of hydrogen atoms• Information: number of signals, chemical shifts, integration• Use chemical shift and integration data to deduce structuresSyllabus objective3.2.11(HL)—NMR splitting patterns• Singlets, doublets, triplets, quartets• Use splitting patterns to infer neighbouring hydrogen atomsSyllabus objective3.2.12(HL)—Combined data analysis• Use multiple techniques for structure determinationSyllabus objective
