What you’ll learn5 learning objectivesChoose one objective for a focused lesson, or study the complete topic.P5.1Planning variables, method and apparatusIdentify independent, dependent and controlled variables; describe how variables are varied, measured and kept constant; and present a workable labelled apparatus arrangement and procedure.Syllabus objectiveP5.2Additional detail, safety and instrumentationAdd relevant practical detail, assess risks and precautions, and describe use of oscilloscopes, light gates, data loggers and sensors to measure quantities such as voltage, current, time, frequency, velocity and acceleration.Syllabus objectiveP5.3Data analysis models and graph transformationsRearrange expressions into y = mx + c, y = ax^n and y = ae^(kx), use linear, logarithmic and exponential plots to find constants, and decide which derived quantities should be calculated for graphing.Syllabus objectiveP5.4Tables, graphs and uncertainty treatmentComplete tables using Paper 3 conventions, calculate and record derived quantities, plot graphs with error bars, draw best-fit and worst acceptable lines, and calculate uncertainties in derived quantities, gradients and intercepts.Syllabus objectiveP5.5Conclusions from constants, gradients and interceptsDetermine gradients and y-intercepts, derive expressions that link them to physical constants, state conclusions with units and appropriate significant figures, and express final values with uncertainty estimates.Syllabus objective