What you’ll learn5 learning objectivesChoose one objective for a focused lesson, or study the complete topic.—Formula reference—Hardy-Weinberg equationsUse p + q = 1 and p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1, where p and q are allele frequencies and p^2, 2pq and q^2 are genotype frequencies. Formulae are provided in the examination when needed.Syllabus objective—Formula reference—Lincoln index and Simpson diversityUse the Lincoln index N = (n1 x n2) / m2 for mark-release-recapture estimates and Simpson’s index of diversity D = 1 - sum((n / N)^2) for biodiversity. Formulae are provided in the examination when needed.Syllabus objective—Formula reference—Chi-squared, sample standard deviation, standard error and 95% CIUse chi-squared = sum((O - E)^2 / E), sample standard deviation, standard error and 95% confidence interval formulae when provided; interpret the result rather than memorising the formula symbols only.Syllabus objective—Formula reference—t-test, Pearson, Spearman and degrees of freedomUse provided formulae for t-test, Pearson’s linear correlation and Spearman’s rank correlation; know how to calculate degrees of freedom for chi-squared and t-tests; judge significance using critical values.Syllabus objective—Statistics notes—Choosing valid statistical methodsKnow when chi-squared, t-test, Pearson’s linear correlation and Spearman’s rank correlation are appropriate; connect data type, distribution, independence, sample size and correlation pattern to the choice of method.Syllabus objective