IB Ess 7 2 Energy Sources Uses And Management Question Bank

workings [1 max] e.g. (117.020-71.195) /(2019-2008) or (117.020-71.195) / 11 or 45.825/11; final answer [1 max] = 4.166/4.17/4.2 (kWh bn); Note: Allow [1] max if correct average is given with no correct working shown. Allow ECF if selection of one value in the workings shown is incorrect e.g. the incorrect number of years is used (such as, 12 instead of 11 resulting in 3.819/3.82/3.8 (KWh bn)). If no workings are given, ECF cannot be applied. Do not accept incorrect rounding of the answer.

a. switch to a named alternative source of energy to generate electricity e.g. gas/oil/renewables/hydroelectric/wind/solar; b. moved coal powered industry to areas outside Beijing; c. government banning/implementing quotas/having education campaigns to reduce use of coal (for heating/cooking); d. cap on cars could reduce the manufacture/production of cars in Beijing which reduces coal use; Note: Do not award mark for 'reduction in coal use'. Do not accept only 'switch to an alternative energy source.' Do not accept 'use of coal is reduced due to cap on number of new cars/limiting car ownership'. Do not accept 'government regulation of coal mining'.

greater energy consumption for domestic activities for example, use of electrical devices (such as televisions, computers, air conditioning systems etc) in North America; greater energy consumption for industry in North America; use of more energy for transport of food/goods in North America; greater use of energy for heating in cold winters in parts of North America; greater individual travel in North America; Do not accept only 'more technologically advanced' unless it is linked to an increase in energy use. Accept responses in the converse. Accept other reasonable responses.

different agricultural systems used for food production may require different amounts of land/water (eg, some crops require less water than others); differences in dietary preferences will require different amounts of land/water for production (eg, meat based diet has a higher ecological footprint than a vegetarian diet); different climatic conditions may have very different efficiency for food production requiring different areas of land; urbanization may be very different taking up different percentage/quantity of available land; water consumption will increase ecological footprint and may be different; rate of pollution/waste production requiring assimilation by the environment may vary greatly between countries; some sources of energy (eg, geothermal) may have a lower ecological footprint than others (eg, fossil fuels); by importing goods manufactured in another country, the importing country would not increase their own footprint (the impact will occur in the country of production where energy is used and waste produced);

development of new/cheaper/more efficient technologies for renewable energy; pressure from environmental organizations/lobbyists/environmental movements/ green politics; effective/powerful international agreements/legislation; depleted reserves of fossil fuels /increase prices on fossil fuels; increased awareness of detrimental impacts of fossil fuels; increasing concern for energy security; (d)

Advantages Disadvantages Fossil fuel: coal/oil/gas large supply currently available/technology/ infrastructure set up to use it/ easy to extract/easy to transport (eg, pipelines for oil)/efficient/ (relatively) cheap finite resource/will eventually run out/ release of polluting gases (eg \(\mathrm{CO}_{2} / \mathrm{NO}_{\mathrm{x}} / \mathrm{SO}_{\mathrm{x}}\) )/ potential for oil spills / risk of gas explosions /degradation of land due to mining Renewable: solar/wind/wave no emission of \(\mathrm{CO}_{2} / \mathrm{NO}_{\mathrm{x}}\) / \(\mathrm{SO}_{\mathrm{x}}\) /source is sustainable/ potentially infinite/safe to use/can be used in rural/remote areas capital cost /expensive (to set up)/ supply can be dependent on weather/sunlight /wind / not all areas are suitable Accept other alternative correct answers, including those in which differences in cost are justified by example. Do not accept only 'environmentally friendly/polluting/renewable/non-renewable'. Credit no marks for only one correct response Credit [1] for two or three correct responses Credit [2] for four correct responses

the energy consumption has increased overtime (from 1940 to 2008); in 1940s/initially energy consumption was reliant mainly on coal; in 2008/more recently it was predominantly reliant on geothermal/renewable energy/ has relatively little reliance on fossil fuels/coal/overtime it has changed from being mainly coal/fossil fuels/non-renewable to geothermal/renewable energy; from around 1940-1970 there is a steady growth in consumption/greater use of oil and geothermal; from 2004/05 there is a rapid increase in consumption/expansion of geothermal and hydropower; Accept other responses that correctly link the change in growth in energy or the balance of energy sources to the time period.

economic crisis in 2008 led to industrial decline/reduction of demand for aluminium world-wide; following economic crisis, households had less money/tighter budgets and therefore reduced energy use; industry accounts for the largest share of energy consumption (40 \%); deliberate efforts to reduce consumption through energy conservation Do not accept only '2008 economic crisis has led to reduction in energy demand' without explanation or 'emigration could reduce energy demand'.

The following guide for using the markbands suggests certain features that may be offered in responses. The five headings coincide with the criteria in each of the markbands (although ESS terminology has been conflated with "understanding concepts"). This guide simply provides some possible inclusions and should not be seen as requisite or comprehensive. It outlines the kind of elements to look for when deciding on the appropriate markband and the specific mark within that band. Answers may demonstrate: - understanding concepts \& terminology of renewable/non-renewable energies; wind; solar; hydro; geothermal; fossil fuels; global warming/climate change; acid deposition; ozone depletion; photochemical smog; oil spills; political/economic factors affecting energy choice; availability, cost, sustainability of each energy source; energy security etc. - breadth in addressing and linking energy choices of a range of different countries in different locations to environmental impacts and local availability of energy sources. - examples of named energy sources, and countries energy choices, and environmental impacts; etc. - balanced analysis evaluating extent to which energy choice is determined more by location or environmental impact. - a conclusion that is consistent with, and supported by analysis and examples given e.g. Although worldwide there is increasing awareness of environmental impacts of energy sources like fossil fuel, the quest of energy security and economic prosperity may lead to continuous dependence on locally abundant fossil fuel reserves. Please see markbands on page 18.

The following guide for using the markbands suggests certain features that may be offered in responses. The five headings coincide with the criteria in each of the markbands (although ESS terminology has been conflated with "understanding concepts"). This guide simply provides some possible inclusions and should not be seen as requisite or comprehensive. It outlines the kind of elements to look for when deciding on the appropriate markband and the specific mark within that band. Answers may demonstrate: - understanding concepts \& terminology of renewable/non-renewable energies; wind; solar; hydro; geothermal; fossil fuels; global warming/climate change; acid deposition; ozone depletion; photochemical smog; oil spills; political/economic/geographic factors affecting energy choice; energy security etc - breadth in addressing and linking energy choices of a range of different countries in different locations to environmental impacts and other factors. - examples of named energy sources, and countries energy choices, and environmental impacts; and other influences etc - balanced analysis evaluating extent to which energy choice is determined more by environmental impact than any other influence. - a conclusion that is consistent with, and supported by analysis and examples given e.g. Although countries are becoming more concerned with regard to environmental impact, while MEDCs may afford environmentally friendly choices, the need in LEDCs to adopt economic solutions tends to be an over-riding factor in energy choices. Please see markbands on page 18. Note: Reward giving specific examples: e.g. UK, Netherlands, France, Scandinavia are leaders in relatively expensive (to install) wind power.

Example Data (from World Bank 2013) to help marking team: Australia's electricity production is mostly from fossil fuels (91 \%) with 5 % from hydropower / Chile's electricity production is 60 % from fossil fuels and 36 % from hydropower/ Argentina's electricity production is 66 % from fossil fuels and 27 % from hydropower / Almost 100 \% of Mozambique's electricity production is from hydropower / 82 \% of energy produced (not just electricity) is from biomass products and waste and only about 12 \% of the population has access to electricity mostly in urban centres. Eg China and Switzerland: Switzerland's electricity production is split between hydropower (about 60 % ) and nuclear (about 40 % ) with a very small percentage from fossil fuels while China's electricity production is split between fossil fuel (about 80 % ) to hydropower (about 20 % ); Availability: location (eg coastal for tidal / offshore wind / thin crust for geothermal / high solar input for solar energy); topography (mountains/rivers for HEP); geology (reserves of coal/oil/gas); eg China has vast reserves of coal; eg China is the world's largest producer of renewable energy; eg Switzerland's topography has allowed development of large hydropower system; Economic: high standard of living/technological development requires high capacity; national wealth may limit choice of affordable technology/resources; balance between economic development and environmental impacts; China has (until recently) prioritized economic development over environmental costs; vast coal reserves have provided China with cheap energy and allow it to be energy independent; Political: countries may need to respond to changing values in their own population eg (rising ecocentrism); eg Switzerland's political system has encouraged a low dependence on fossil fuels; eg Switzerland's political system has encouraged energy independence as much as possible; international agreements (through the COP discussions) may place pressure to change energy mix; eg China's air pollution problems have led to pressure to reduce use of coal (near cities); Cultural: countries may have strong historical traditions/value systems/international reputations to maintain; historical events may influence decisions (eg countries experiencing nuclear disasters / oil embargoes); Technological: technological developments may make new choices available; countries may or may not have technical expertise for certain choices; eg China is the largest producer of photovoltaic cells in the world and this may mean increasing use of this technology within the country and not just for export; eg Switzerland is increasingly using ground source heating for new housing developments, reducing need for oil for heating; Future planning: countries may need to meet international agreements or unilaterally decide to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases; eg China has plans to reduce its dependence on fossil fuels; eg Switzerland has put in place political guidelines to reduce per capita energy use; [Max 4] if only one society is considered.

improved/cheaper technology; change in environmental values / increase in popularity; greater awareness of benefits of using wind power; government policy / to achieve country's goal to become carbon neutral; increasing demand due to growing population Note: Do not accept 'wind power is renewable/unlimited/more sustainable/a green energy source/more viable over the long term/produces less pollution'. Do not accept 'changes in wind current'. Do not accept only 'greater investment/funds available for wind power/renewables'.

Workings: [1 max] total energy sources: 2399+584+15+826+84( ktoe )=/ 3908( ktoe ); amount from fossil fuels: 2399+15+84 (ktoe) = / 2498 (ktoe); % from fossil fuels \(=2498 / 3908 \times 100\); Final answer: [1 max] (=) 63.92/63.9/64 (\%);

greater use of public transport that reduces individual car use (and therefore overall use of oil); use of electric/biofuel/hybrid/hydrogen vehicles/cars (instead of oil-fuelled vehicles) / subsidize electric vehicles / higher tax on petrol cars; adopting car sharing/pooling that reduces individual use of cars/vehicles; use of congestion charges; adopting policy that limits the number of cars a family/household can have; reducing use of oil-fuelled vehicles by promoting walking/use of bicycles; use more efficient forms of transport for goods eg boats rather than planes; promotion of 'km0 initiative' (local production and consumption) which reduces need for transportation; use of carbon tax on oil/petrol (to deter its use) / capping/regulating amount of oil sold; use of quotas/permits within industry to reduce overall oil consumption; residents/industry/ agriculture encouraged to use renewable/solar/wind energy (to replace use of oil) / government incentives/subsidizes to use renewable sources of energy; use energy efficient machinery that requires less oil; encourage more on-line/home working so people can stay at home (reducing need for travel); Note: Do not accept 'build new roads / subsidize green/clean energy / use legislation'. Do not accept only 'implement laws / reduce transport / find alternative energy sources / taxes / limit air travel'. Accept other reasonable responses.

public outcry against using nuclear power / concern about nuclear accidents / concern about generation/disposal of nuclear waste; b. closure of nuclear power stations after Fukushima Daiichi disaster; c. preference to develop renewable energy sources / use more renewable energy to try and reduce \(\mathrm{CO}_{2}\) emissions / improvements in technology of renewable energy / reduction in cost of renewable energy; d. imported fossil fuels were cheaper than importing uranium / fossil fuels were relatively cheap to import / nuclear energy is expensive; e. actual electricity from hydro may be lower than potential due to drought/weather conditions that reduced the flow of water (reducing electricity generation); Note: Do not accept that nuclear power station was broken/damaged as the capability was present. Do not accept 'differences are due to increase in energy demand'. Do not accept generic terms eg 'gas emissions' instead of 'carbon dioxide'.