Question 1
1
Figure 1(b): Map showing Swakop River in Namibia \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|l|} \hline Species & Scientific name & High mesquite area & Low mesquite area \\ \hline Steenbok & Raphicerus campestris & 101 & 92 \\ \hline Baboon & Papio ursinus & 109 & 32 \\ \hline Oryx & Oryx gazella & 7 & 61 \\ \hline Kudu & Tragelaphus strepsiceros & 31 & 7 \\ \hline Jackal & Canis mesomelas & 19 & 13 \\ \hline Duiker & Sylvicapra grimmia & 1 & 26 \\ \hline Wildcat & Felis silvestris lybica & 14 & 7 \\ \hline Klipspringer & Oreotragus oreotragus & 11 & 5 \\ \hline Springbok & Antidorcus marsupialis & 4 & 6 \\ \hline Rodent & - & 1 & 9 \\ \hline Porcupine & Hystrix africaeaustralis & 9 & 0 \\ \hline Mountain zebra & Equus zebra & 2 & 4 \\ \hline Badger & Mellivora capensis & 0 & 5 \\ \hline \end{tabular} Figure 5(a): Uranium prices from 1980 to 2013
25 marks
Question 1(b)
1(b)
Identify three natural sources of water available in the Swakop area. Figure 3(c): Fact file on the Swakop water resources
Mediumstructured2 marks
Answer
Swakop river/river runoff/linear oasis; groundwater/aquifers; rainfall/precipitation; condensation/dew/coastal fogs; ocean; 3 correct award [2]. 2 correct award [1]. 1 correct award [0].
Question 2
2
a. Has black tail black-tailed jackrabbit (Lepus californicus) b. Has a mostly white tail go to 3
9 marks
Question 2(b)
2(b)
Calculate the difference in water infiltration between the forest and urban environments.
Mediumstructured1 marks
Answer
(50 %-15 %)=35 % ; Note: Only [1] so working not required / credit final answer but only if it includes '\%' sign Credit can be given if both shallow and deep infiltration are calculated separately (i.e. 15 %+ 20\% respectively) (c) Outline how one storage in the hydrological cycle decreases with urbanization.
Question 2(c)
2(c)
Outline how one storage in the hydrological cycle decreases with urbanization.
Mediumstructured1 marks
Answer
a. groundwater/aquifers/soil water will decrease due to less infiltration/more runoff; b. atmospheric storage/humidity will decrease because of reduction in evapotranspiration; c. biomass storage will decrease because of loss of trees; Credit any aspect of urbanisation that will diminish any valid water storage. (d) Calculate the percentage of water projected to be used for agriculture in 2025, shown in Figure 2(b).
Question 11
11
Explain how the following land-based activities could have a damaging effect on marine ecosystems within the Coral Triangle: \begin{tabular}{|l|l|l|} \hline Mangrove & Seagrass & Coral reef \\ \hline Nursery/habitat for fish and shellfish & Nursery/habitat for many species & Nursery/habitat supporting high biodiversity \\ \hline Traps sediments and absorbs nutrients & Traps sediments and absorbs nutrients & Filters particulates, increasing water clarity \\ \hline Absorbs CO2 and emits oxygen & Absorbs CO2 and emits oxygen & Provides fish and shellfish \\ \hline Reduces coastal erosion/storm impacts & Stabilizes sediment & Supports tourism/fisheries \\ \hline \end{tabular}
4 marks
Question 11(a)
11(a)
deforestation Coral reefs and mangroves in the Coral Triangle have declined by over 40% since the 1970s; over 85% of coral reefs are threatened by population growth and human activity. Threats include removal of mangroves, unsustainable/destructive fishing, demand for turtle products and shark fins, land-based pollution, tourism impacts and climate change. Tourism threats include sewage, plastic waste, coral trampling, boat-anchor damage, stress to wildlife and collection of wildlife souvenirs.
Mediumstructured2 marks
Answer
identify problem [1] its corresponding effect on marine ecosystems [1] removal of mangroves results in loss of habitat/nursery area for young fish; ...reducing biodiversity/secondary productivity in coastal area; ...making species prone to extinction; increase in soil/coastal erosion leading to more sediment entering the Coral Triangle; ...this blocks sunlight that coral/sea grasses/algae require; loss of carbon sink that can lead to increase in global temperatures; ...increase in water temperatures can stress coral/reduce biodiversity; increased carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere that contributes to ocean acidification/lowers pH; ...this adversely affects some species eg fish / reduces biodiversity; ...damages calcifying species/shellfish/corals; without trees, runoff is no longer filtered and nutrients absorbed, thereby increasing nutrient loading within the marine ecosystem; ...this leads to eutrophication; ...this leads to algal blooms that can harm other species/reduce light to corals/seagrasses/algae; ...this leads to algal blooms that can lead to lower oxygen levels in the water (hypoxia/anoxic conditions); removal of trees reduces water retention and increases risk of floods (overflow of freshwater) into the coastal/marine environment; ...the sudden high velocity of water could physically damage some species; ...sudden change in water salinity may kill some species; Award [1] for identifying the problem, and [1] for explaining its effect on marine ecosystems. Do not accept just "soil/coastal erosion" without link to increased sedimentation.
Question 11(b)
11(b)
agricultural activity. Coral reefs and mangroves in the Coral Triangle have declined by over 40% since the 1970s; over 85% of coral reefs are threatened by population growth and human activity. Threats include removal of mangroves, unsustainable/destructive fishing, demand for turtle products and shark fins, land-based pollution, tourism impacts and climate change. Tourism threats include sewage, plastic waste, coral trampling, boat-anchor damage, stress to wildlife and collection of wildlife souvenirs.
Mediumstructured2 marks
Answer
identify problem [1] its corresponding effect on marine ecosystems [1] increase in nutrient/fertilizer/nitrate/phosphate pollution; ...this leads to eutrophication; ...this leads to algal blooms that can harm other species/reduce light to corals/seagrasses/algae; ...this leads to algal blooms that can lead to lower oxygen levels in the water (hypoxia/anoxic conditions); increase in pesticide pollution; ...can harm/kill (non-target) organisms within the Coral Triangle; increase in pollution from animal waste/manure/organic matter; ...that can block sunlight required by corals/seagrasses/algae; ...lower oxygen levels in the water; overgrazing can increase soil erosion resulting in increased sedimentation in the reef/coastal environment; ...that can block sunlight required by corals/seagrasses/algae Award [1] for identifying the problem, and [1] for explaining its effect on marine ecosystems. Do not accept loss of mangroves and its associated effects. Do not accept just "overgrazing causes soil erosion" without link to increased sedimentation.