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IB Biology SL/Notes/C1.2 Cell respiration

IB Biology SLC1.2 Cell respirationNotes

ATP Moves Usable Energy

ATP is the cell's immediate energy carrier. Respiration releases energy from organic molecules, then transfers some of that energy into ATP. Because ATP is small and soluble, it can move to reactions that need energy and deliver it in small, controlled amounts.

ATP, adenosine triphosphate, is the immediate energy currency of cells.
ATP distributes energy from respiration to energy-requiring processes.
Cells use ATP for short-term energy transfer, not long-term energy storage.

Use the visual to explain the process, not to memorize decoration.

Match each ATP feature to why it helps the cell.

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Reasons
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Match each ATP feature to why it helps the cell.

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small and soluble
phosphate bond hydrolysis
rapid recycling
not long-term storage

Use And Recycle ATP

ATP is useful because it is recycled. When ATP is hydrolysed to ADP and phosphate, energy becomes available for cell work. Respiration then phosphorylates ADP back to ATP, so the same molecule system can keep transferring energy again and again. Examples include membrane pumps, macromolecule synthesis, and chromosome movement.

Hydrolysis of ATP to ADP + phosphate releases energy.
Phosphorylation of ADP to ATP stores energy from respiration in a usable form.
ATP powers active transport, anabolic reactions, movement, and other life processes.
Examples include membrane pumps, macromolecule synthesis, and chromosome movement.

Use the visual to explain the process, not to memorize decoration.

Sort each event into ATP hydrolysis or ATP regeneration.

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Unsorted
6
ATP hydrolysis
0
ATP regeneration
0

Sort each event into ATP hydrolysis or ATP regeneration.

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Map The Respiration System

Cell respiration is a system for transferring energy from carbon compounds into ATP. The important idea is control: energy is released in small enzyme-controlled steps. In humans, aerobic respiration uses oxygen and mitochondria for high ATP yield, while anaerobic respiration in cytoplasm allows short-term ATP production without oxygen but produces lactate and much less ATP.

Cell respiration releases energy from organic molecules to make ATP.
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and mitochondria and produces much more ATP.
Anaerobic respiration in humans happens in cytoplasm, produces lactate, and gives low ATP yield.

Use the visual to explain the process, not to memorize decoration.

Match each respiration route to its correct description.

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Reasons
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Match each respiration route to its correct description.

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aerobic respiration
anaerobic respiration in humans
cell respiration overall
controlled stepwise reactions

Predict Respiration Rate

Practice

Respiration rate is not guessed; it is measured using a change over time, often oxygen uptake. In a respirometer, carbon dioxide is absorbed, so a pressure drop mainly reflects oxygen being used. Rate changes when temperature, substrate type or amount, oxygen availability, activity level, or mass of living tissue changes. Rate depends on metabolic demand, organism size, oxygen, substrate, temperature, and pH.

Variables affecting rate include temperature, substrate, oxygen availability, activity, and organism mass.
A respirometer can measure oxygen uptake per unit time.
Controls are needed for temperature, mass, leaks, and carbon dioxide absorption.
Rate depends on metabolic demand, organism size, oxygen, substrate, temperature, and pH.

Use the visual to explain the process, not to memorize decoration.

A germinating seed respirometer is kept warmer and the fluid moves faster. What is the best interpretation?

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A germinating seed respirometer is kept warmer and the fluid moves faster. What is the best interpretation?

Choose

SL Transfer: Explain Core Respiration

Exam Practice

ATP is the immediate energy carrier; hydrolysis powers cell work and phosphorylation reloads ATP. Cell respiration transfers energy from carbon compounds into ATP in controlled steps. Aerobic respiration in humans uses oxygen and mitochondria for high ATP yield, while anaerobic respiration in cytoplasm produces lactate and low ATP. Rate evidence comes from oxygen uptake or carbon dioxide production per unit time. Examples include membrane pumps, macromolecule synthesis, and chromosome movement. Rate depends on metabolic demand, organism size, oxygen, substrate, temperature, and pH.

Use ATP as the link between respiration and life processes such as active transport, biosynthesis, movement, and homeostasis.
Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration by oxygen use, location, ATP yield, and product in humans.
For rate questions, name the variable, measurement per unit time, and controlled variables.
Examples include membrane pumps, macromolecule synthesis, and chromosome movement.
Rate depends on metabolic demand, organism size, oxygen, substrate, temperature, and pH.
Fill Blanks
Complete the exam skeleton: ATPreleases energy for cell work;of ADP reforms ATP. Aerobic respiration usesand gives high ATP yield; anaerobic respiration in humans forms.
Word bank
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Use this for questions asking how ATP supplies energy, how ATP is recycled, how aerobic and anaerobic respiration differ in humans, or how respiration rate is measured.

ATP is a small soluble energy currency that distributes energy from respiration to energy-requiring life processes.
ATP hydrolysis to ADP and phosphate releases energy; phosphorylation of ADP reforms ATP using energy from respiration.
Cell respiration transfers energy from organic molecules to ATP through controlled enzyme-catalysed reactions.
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen and mitochondria and gives high ATP yield; anaerobic respiration in human cytoplasm produces lactate and low ATP.
Respiration rate can be measured as oxygen uptake or carbon dioxide production per unit time, with controls such as temperature, mass, and carbon dioxide absorption.
Examples include membrane pumps, macromolecule synthesis, and chromosome movement.
Rate depends on metabolic demand, organism size, oxygen, substrate, temperature, and pH.

Use this for questions asking how ATP supplies energy, how ATP is recycled, how aerobic and anaerobic respiration differ in humans, or how respiration rate is measured.

Do not confuse cellular respiration with breathing, or anaerobic respiration in humans with ethanol fermentation.