23. Chemical energetics

23.1 Lattice energy and Born-Haber cycles

23.2 Enthalpies of solution and hydration

23.3 Entropy change, ΔS

23.4 Gibbs free energy change, ΔG

24. Electrochemistry

24.1 Electrolysis

24.2 Standard electrode potentials E ⦵ , standard cell potentials E ⦵ cell and the Nernst

25. Equilibria

25.1 Acids and bases

25.2 Partition coefficients

26. Reaction kinetics

26.1 Rate equations, orders and rate constants

26.2 Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

27. Group 2

27.1 Trends in Group 2 metals and compounds

28. Chemistry of transition elements

28.1 Physical and chemical properties of first-row transition elements

28.2 Chemical properties of first-row transition elements

28.3 Colour of complexes

28.4 Stereoisomerism in transition element complexes

28.5 Stability constants, K stab

29. An introduction to A Level organic chemistry

A Level organic chemistry conventions and functional group reference

29.1 Formulas, functional groups and nomenclature

29.2 Characteristic organic reactions

29.3 Shapes of aromatic organic molecules; σ and π bonds

29.4 Optical isomerism

30. Hydrocarbons

30.1 Arenes

31. Halogen compounds

31.1 Halogen compounds

32. Hydroxy compounds

32.1 Alcohols

32.2 Phenol

33. Carboxylic acids and derivatives

33.1 Carboxylic acids

33.2 Esters

33.3 Acyl chlorides

34. Nitrogen compounds

34.1 Primary and secondary amines

34.2 Phenylamine and azo compounds

34.3 Amides

34.4 Amino acids

35. Polymerisation

35.1 Condensation polymerisation

35.2 Predicting the type of polymerisation

35.3 Degradable polymers

36. Organic synthesis

36.1 Organic synthesis

37. Analytical techniques

37.1 Thin-layer chromatography

37.2 Gas / liquid chromatography

37.3 Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy

37.4 Proton NMR spectroscopy

Practical assessment skills

Paper 3 Advanced Practical Skills

Paper 5 Planning, Analysis and Evaluation

Mathematical, structural convention and data skills

Mathematical requirements

Organic structure and mechanism conventions

Data section reference

A-Level CAIE Chemistry A2/Notes/29.3 Shapes of aromatic organic molecules; σ and π bonds

A-Level CAIE Chemistry A2 29.3 Shapes of aromatic organic molecules; σ and π bonds Notes

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