EduNinjaAccording to the UN Inter-agency Group for Child Mortality Estimation, in the year 2000 there were 9.82 million deaths of children under the age of 5 . Many of these deaths were caused by infectious diseases. The pie chart shows estimates for the percentages of deaths that were attributable to two of the most frequent pathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae.
The image shows a castor bean tick (Ixodes ricinus) which is commonly found in woodlands or forest areas. This tick can carry bacteria that cause Lyme disease in humans.
Some vaccinations, such as the smallpox vaccine, provide lifelong immunity against the disease. For others, such as tetanus, this immunity lasts for a shorter period of time. Why is a tetanus booster vaccination recommended every 10 years?
Antibodies that formed after the first vaccination persist in the blood for up to 10 years.
Memory cells are not produced after the first vaccination.
Only non-specific immunity is stimulated after the first vaccination.
Memory cells gradually decline over 10 years.
Which types of immunity are acquired by each of the following actions?
Antigens injected into a child by vaccination
Antibodies crossing the placenta to the fetus
Antibodies received by baby from breastfeeding
passive
passive
active
passive
active
passive
active
active
active
active
passive
passive
The graph is about defence against infectious disease.
What is likely to be indicated by the letter X ?
The increase in lymphocytes following HIV infection
The peak of the infection
The secondary response to a vaccine
The first appearance of AIDS symptoms
What is contained in vaccines?
Antigens or RNA coding for antigens
Specific or non-specific immunoglobulins
Plasma cells or memory cells
Antibodies
What is an example of active immunity?
Antibodies passed from the mother to fetus across the placenta
Antibodies produced by another organism and injected to protect against a disease
Antibodies passed from the mother in colostrum during breastfeeding
Antibodies produced after the defence mechanisms have been stimulated by antigens
What forms the basis of immunity after vaccination?
Production of histamines
Clonal selection
Production of memory cells
yes
no
no
yes
no
yes
no
yes
no
no
yes
yes
Which of the following events form the basis of immunity upon which the principle of vaccination is based?
Clonal selection
Production of memory cells
Production of monoclonal antibodies
Challenge and response
no
yes
yes
yes
no
yes
no
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
yes
no
yes