12. Motion in a circle

12.1 Kinematics of uniform circular motion

12.2 Centripetal acceleration

13. Gravitational fields

13.1 Gravitational field

13.2 Gravitational force between point masses

13.3 Gravitational field of a point mass

13.4 Gravitational potential

14. Temperature

14.1 Thermal equilibrium

14.2 Temperature scales

14.3 Specific heat capacity and specific latent heat

15. Ideal gases

15.1 The mole

15.2 Equation of state

15.3 Kinetic theory of gases

16. Thermodynamics

16.1 Internal energy

16.2 The first law of thermodynamics

17. Oscillations

17.1 Simple harmonic oscillations

17.2 Energy in simple harmonic motion

17.3 Damped and forced oscillations, resonance

18. Electric fields

18.1 Electric fields and field lines

18.2 Uniform electric fields

18.3 Electric force between point charges

18.4 Electric field of a point charge

18.5 Electric potential

19. Capacitance

19.1 Capacitors and capacitance

19.2 Energy stored in a capacitor

19.3 Discharging a capacitor

20. Magnetic fields

20.1 Concept of a magnetic field

20.2 Force on a current-carrying conductor

20.3 Force on a moving charge

20.4 Magnetic fields due to currents

20.5 Electromagnetic induction

21. Alternating currents

21.1 Characteristics of alternating currents

21.2 Rectification and smoothing

22. Quantum physics

22.1 Energy and momentum of a photon

22.2 Photoelectric effect

22.3 Wave–particle duality

22.4 Energy levels in atoms and line spectra

23. Nuclear physics

23.1 Mass defect and nuclear binding energy

23.2 Radioactive decay

24. Medical physics

24.1 Production and use of ultrasound

24.2 Production and use of X-rays

24.3 PET scanning

25. Astronomy and cosmology

25.1 Standard candles

25.2 Stellar radii

25.3 Hubble’s law and the Big Bang theory

A-Level CAIE Physics A2/Notes/16. Thermodynamics

A-Level CAIE Physics A2 16. Thermodynamics Notes

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