1. Atomic structure

1.1 Particles in the atom and atomic radius

1.2 Isotopes

1.3 Electrons, energy levels and atomic orbitals

1.4 Ionisation energy

2. Atoms, molecules and stoichiometry

2.1 Relative masses of atoms and molecules

2.2 The mole and the Avogadro constant

2.3 Formulas

2.4 Reacting masses and volumes (of solutions and gases)

3. Chemical bonding

3.1 Electronegativity and bonding

3.2 Ionic bonding

3.3 Metallic bonding

3.4 Covalent bonding and coordinate (dative covalent) bonding

3.5 Shapes of molecules

3.6 Intermolecular forces and bond properties

3.7 Dot-and-cross diagrams

4. States of matter

4.1 Gases: ideal, real and pV = nRT

4.2 Bonding and structure

5. Chemical energetics

5.1 Enthalpy change, ΔH

5.2 Hess’s law

6. Electrochemistry

6.1 Redox: electron transfer and oxidation number

7. Equilibria

7.1 Chemical equilibria and dynamic equilibrium

7.2 Brønsted–Lowry theory of acids and bases

8. Reaction kinetics

8.1 Rate of reaction

8.2 Temperature, rate and activation energy

8.3 Homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts

9. The Periodic Table: chemical periodicity

9.1 Periodicity of physical properties of the elements in Period 3

9.2 Periodicity of chemical properties of the elements in Period 3

9.3 Chemical periodicity of other elements

10. Group 2

10.1 Trends in Group 2 metals and compounds

11. Group 17

11.1 Physical properties of the Group 17 elements

11.2 The chemical properties of the halogen elements and the hydrogen halides

11.3 Some reactions of the halide ions

11.4 The reactions of chlorine

12. Nitrogen and sulfur

12.1 Nitrogen and sulfur

13. An introduction to AS Level organic chemistry

13.0 AS organic chemistry conventions and functional groups

13.1 Formulas, functional groups and nomenclature

13.2 Characteristic organic reactions

13.3 Shapes of organic molecules; σ and π bonds

13.4 Structural isomerism and stereoisomerism

14. Hydrocarbons

14.1 Alkanes

14.2 Alkenes

15. Halogen compounds

15.1 Halogenoalkanes

16. Hydroxy compounds

16.1 Alcohols

17. Carbonyl compounds

17.1 Aldehydes and ketones

18. Carboxylic acids and derivatives

18.1 Carboxylic acids

18.2 Esters

19. Nitrogen compounds

19.1 Primary amines

19.2 Nitriles and hydroxynitriles

20. Polymerisation

20.1 Addition polymerisation

21. Organic synthesis

21.1 Organic synthesis

22. Analytical techniques

22.1 Infrared spectroscopy

22.2 Mass spectrometry

A-Level CAIE Chemistry AS/Notes/7. Equilibria

A-Level CAIE Chemistry AS 7. Equilibria Notes

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